Ball speed is independent of which of the following?

Ball speed is indeed influenced significantly by various factors during a golf swing, but it is independent of the path of the clubhead. The velocity at which the clubhead strikes the ball, as well as how centered the contact is made with the ball, greatly affect the ball speed because they directly influence the transfer of energy from the clubhead to the ball.

The mass of the clubhead also plays a role in determining the ball speed; a heavier clubhead can impart more energy when swung at a certain speed, resulting in greater ball speed upon impact. However, the path of the clubhead is more about the angle and direction through which the club travels rather than its speed or force at impact. Therefore, the path, while important for accuracy and shot shaping, does not directly affect how fast the ball will travel once struck. This aspect of the swing is separate from the mechanics that govern the actual speed of the ball following impact, distinguishing it from other factors that directly contribute to ball speed.